Comparing Variation with Conventional Powell’s Angular Measures to Establish Soft Tissue Norms in Adult Pakistanis

Ridaa Qammar; Abdullah  Jan; Hajra  Pasha; Tooba  Zahoor; Amina  Malik; Kashif  Iqbal

doi:10.51253/pafmj.v76iSUPPL-10.14577

Authors

Ridaa Qammar Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan
Abdullah Jan Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan
Hajra Pasha Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan
Tooba Zahoor Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan
Amina Malik Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan
Kashif Iqbal Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi/National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v76iSUPPL-10.14577

Keywords:

Anthropometry, Cephalometry, Diagnosis, Facial Profile, Orthodontics, Soft tissue

Abstract

Objective: To assess soft tissue norms in adult Pakistani population using the standard Powell’s measurements and to compare the angular measurements between male and female subjects.

Study Design: cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontics department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID), Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Nov 2021 to 30 Apr 2022.

Methodology: Two hundred subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected and their lateral cephalometric radiographs were recorded to determine the respective norms for Pakistani population. For each subject, four facial soft tissue Powell's angular measurements were recorded namely Nasofacial, Nasofrontal, Nasomental and Mentocervical angles. Student's t-test was used to compare measured values between genders. p-value ≤0.05 was taken as significant.

Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in the values of Nasofrontal angle (p<0.01) and Mentocervical angle (p<0.001) between males and females, where female subjects showed a significantly higher value for both of these angles, suggesting gender dimorphism. Nasofacial angle values showed significant difference between age groups (p<0.01).

Conclusion: Notable disparities in the average values of Powell's analysis facial angles between male and female representatives of Pakistani community were observed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Stăncioiu A-A, Motofelea AC, Hușanu AA, Vasica L, Popa A, Nagib R, et al. Innovative aesthetic and functional orthodontic planning with hard and soft tissue analyses. J Clin Med 2025; 14(13): 4458. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134458

2. Liu C, Du S, Wang Z, Guo S, Cui M, Zhai Q, Zhang M, Fang B. Impact of orthodontic-induced facial morphology changes on aesthetic evaluation: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24(1): 24.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03776-4

3. Torbey A, Mdawr E, Kahal F, Rmman M, Omar A, Alzabibi MA, et al. Anthropometry of the nose pre- and post-photogrammetric adjustments in a sample of Syrian medical students: a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7(4): e2062.

https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.2062

4. Zhou Q, Gao J, Guo D, Zhang H, Zhang X, Qin W, et al. Three dimensional quantitative study of soft tissue changes in nasolabial folds after orthodontic treatment in female adults. BMC Oral Health. 2023; 23(1): 31.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02733-5

5. Souza DB, Oliveira AI, Gouvêa GR, Santamaria-Jr M. What do black patients expect from orthodontic treatment? The aesthetic perception of facial profile between orthodontists and black laypersons. . Dental Press J Orthod. 2022; 27(4): e2220519.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.27.4.e2220519.oar

6. Noman M, Hashmi G, Ali MM, Yousaf U, Hussain M, Mujeeb R. Comparison of soft tissue chin thickness in adult patients with various mandibular divergence patterns. Cureus. 2024; 16(4): e59150. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.59150

7. Aziz A, Khalid Q, Nafees MF, Ata S, Haroon K, Habib N. Photographic analysis of facial soft tissue by angular and proportional measurements in adult Pakistani population. Pak J Health Sci 2024; 5(5): 30-33.

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i05.1433

8. Aziz A, Rahbar MI, Chaudhry NA, Ata S, Khalid Q, Nadeem S. Photographic facial soft tissue analysis by means of linear measurements in adult Pakistani population. . Pak J Med Health Sci. 2022; 16(12): 763-766.

https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221612762

9. Naeem S, Asad S, Zafar A. Nasal morphology assessed through powel's triangle in patients with convex profile. Pak Oral Dental J. 2015; 35(4): 606-9.

10. Proffit WR, Fields H, Larson B, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2025.

11. Gao J, Wang X, Qin Z, Zhang H, Guo D, Xu Y, et al. Profiles of facial soft tissue changes during and after orthodontic treatment in female adults. . BMC Oral Health 2022; 22(1): 257.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02280-5

12. Albertini P, Barbara L, Albertini E, Willeit P, Lombardo L. Soft-tissue profile changes in adult patients treated with premolar extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2024; 166(2): 171-178.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2024.04.011

13. Goel A, Bhandari PS, Shrivastava P, Goel A. Nasal Measurements in Indian Population of North-East Region: Angular Parameters with Literature Review. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023; 22(4): 841-847.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-023-02020-4

14. Jokar F, Hadibarhaghtalab M, Kasraei H, Parvar SY, Seifi V, Jahromi ZV. Anthropometric and Angular Measurements in Healthy Persian Females in Comparison to the Golden Ratio. J Cosmet Dermatol 2025; 24(1): e16777.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.16777

15. Tavakoli K, Sazgar AK, Hasanzade A, Sazgar AA. Ideal Nasal Preferences: A Quantitative Investigation with 3D Imaging in the Iranian Population. Arch Plast Surg 2023; 50(4): 340-347.

https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2091-6820

16. Gupta S, Bajjad AA, Sharma A, Ummae Hani S, Kumar A, Pandey V. Correlation of the Upper Nasolabial Angle With Skeletal Patterns and Nasal Morphology in Indian Adults: An Observational Study. Cureus 2024; 16(9): e68857.

https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.68857

17. Mahmood HT, Badar SB, Ahmed I, Uzair M. Soft Tissue Profile Analysis by Means of Linear and Angular Parameters in Pakistani Population. J Dow Uni Health Sci 2019; 13(2): 55-61.

https://doi.org/10.36570/jduhs.2019.2.655

18. Panezai S, Mengal N, Ahmed K. Determination of cephalometric soft tissue norms for local population with normal occlusion using holdaway analysis. . Pak Armed Forces Med J 2021; 71(2): 557-561. https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i2.5183

19. Hung PK, Liu J, Shan Z. 3D Photogrammetry-Driven Craniofacial Analysis in Orthodontics: A Scoping Review of Recent Applications. Bioengineering 2025; 12(11): 1263.

https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12111263

20. Arn ML, Opacic J, Kanavakis G, Halazonetis D, Gkantidis N. Profile line accuracy in cephalometric radiographs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2025; 168(1): 75-87.e2.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.02.009